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  • ื‘ืขื– ื–ืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” (2020)


ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืจืขื™ ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื™ ื•ื’ื ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืงืจืื• ื”ืฉื ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื” ื‘-2018 ื•ื‘-2019, ืจื™ืชืง, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืืชื ื•. ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘-2020. ืกืคืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื•ืื’ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืืŸ. ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื˜ืจื—ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• [17 ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœืฆืขืจื™ ืืฃ ืœื ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช].


1. ื’ืœ ืคืจืœ-ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื ื•ืกื•ืงืจ ืกืคืจื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ: "ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“. ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ, "ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” 1920ึพ1918" (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2020), ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื™, ืœื”ื‘ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ึพืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื™ื™ืงืก ืคื™ืงื•, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขื•ื“ื ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกืคืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืืจึพืฉื‘ืข, ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื–ื ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืืœื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ, ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืžื”ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืขื (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื’"ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื) ื›ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื™, ืคืขืœ ืœืื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืฉืฉื ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขืงื™ืคื”. ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื•, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื—ืžืืก, "ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ (ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—) ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืขื™ืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ" (ืขืž' 11)." ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.


2. ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ "ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. "ื–ืื‘ ืืคื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื‘ (ืฆืžืจืช, 2020) ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืคืจืื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืื—"ื› ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืืœื™ืื‘ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืœื•ื—ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกืžื›ืชื• ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื•ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“. ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื ืข ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืช, ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ืขืจื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืขื“, ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืกืคืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ (ืจื•ื•ื” ื’ืœื™ืœื™) ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืืจ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™."


3. ืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื“"ืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ืื™ื™ืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ "ืกืคืจื• (105 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื) ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืงืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (William H. McRaven), ืื™ืฉ "ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื" (ืฆื•ื•ืช 6 โ€“ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ), ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื ื™ืช ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ" ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ; ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื•ืžื ื•ืกื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ - 'ืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœืš' (ืžื˜ืื•ืจ, 2020 [ืชืจื’ื•ื ื’'ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจื™]). ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ืงืกืก, ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื™ 2014, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขืชื™ืจืช ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืคืจื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื-ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื-ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ื’ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™... ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“... ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“... ืขื“ ืฉืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืจืช; ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ืš. ื”ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืคืจื›ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื-ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืž"ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“" ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” - ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช "ื”ื‘ื ื”", ื•ืœื ืœืžื”ืจ "ืœืฆืœืฆืœ ื‘ืคืขืžื•ืŸ" ื”ื”ื“ื—ื”; ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื - ื’ื ืจืœ (ืจืื•:ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืื˜ื™ืก: "ืื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื›ืื•ืก", ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ืžืงืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื–, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ืœื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื (ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื ื•), ืขืœ ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉ"ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืžืฅ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื". "ืขื ืื•ืžืฅ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข", ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ; ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื–ื”, "ืชื—ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš", ื•ืชื’ืœื”. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื”ึฑื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืš ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื; ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจ."


4. ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ : 'ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื' (ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 2019). ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื”. ื’ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื’ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื ื•ืžืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ื ืœื—ืžื™ื (ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื) ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืš ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ) ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืŸ. ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”".


5. ืœืกืคืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ - 'ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื' (ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1996) ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืชื"ืœ (ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื•ืืฉ: "ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื˜ืœื™ืง: "ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืจื” ืœื” ืคื ื™ื...ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื. ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืœื™ืง ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืœื™ืง ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื•. ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ืง, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื–: "ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื— ื˜ืœ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ืช ืžืขื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืฉืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช...". ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 - ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื‘ื—ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ืง: "ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื“ืข ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”"."


6. ืืคืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื“, ืชื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื“ืจ' ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ 'ืจืคื™ ืื™ืชืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื“', (ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2020). ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืชื™ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืจืคื™ ืื™ืชืŸ, ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘"ื› ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“, ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ืœืงืฉืจื™ ืžื“ืข (ืœืง"ืž) ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืฉืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื—ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื-ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉืžืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืงืฉืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื•ื–ื• ืžื’ื‘ืœืชื•. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ (ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื”ืฆื“) ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืขื•ืฆืžืชืŸ. ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• (ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืืœื” "ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื", ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื), ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืฉืช ืคื•ืœืืจื“. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืžืกืข-ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืคื™ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื–ื”, ืขื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ืื™ืฉ ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื“ืจืš. ืจืง ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคื” ื•ืฉื.



7. ืคื™ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจื™ ืฉืคืจืกื ืกืคืจื™ ืžืชื— ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš, ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ 'ืœื ื ื—ื“ืœ' ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช (ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2013) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืœื•ืฃ (ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ. "ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื” : "ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”." ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืกื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจืคืœ ืงืจื‘ , ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฆื”ืœื™ืช .ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื”ืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”-ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ". ืื ื™ ืืžื ื ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘.



8. ืชื"ืœ (ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ื“"ืจ ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ, ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ 'ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื' ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื’ื™ื“ื• (ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2019) "ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื’ื” ืž', ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื 257, ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 421 ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 143 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืขืžืงื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืœืกืคืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกื"ืœ (ื“ื™ืž') ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ (ืืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืก) ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื”. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœื—ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”, ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืงืฃ ืฆื”"ืœ 9 ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืžืงื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” 16, ืžื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืกื™ืจื™ื•ืก ื›"ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ- ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ". ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ื“ืคื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืคืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื "ื˜ ื•ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื’ื™ื“ื• ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ: ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื‘ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืงื™ืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืช"ืŸ โ€“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื’ืชื”. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื". ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ืžืœืฆื”.


9. ืื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•"ืœ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื”ืฉื ื” ืงืจืืชื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™ (ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช, ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืŸ) . ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื•ืืœืš 'ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™' (ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1981). ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื•ืืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืืœืš ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกืคืจื•".



10. ื“"ืจ ืืœื“ื“ ืฉืžืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืชื•"ืœ ื•ืกืคืจ ืžืคื ื” ืืชื ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”: "ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืœืื• 50 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. (ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•...) ื”ืกืคืจ 'ื—ื•ืžืช ืกื•ืืฅ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช' ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ, (ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”, 2020) ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื "ืž ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื”"ืž ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืจื”"ืž, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื” ื‘ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืช-ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืกื‘ืœื” ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”. ืื˜ ืื˜, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื "ืž, ืฉื ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืืจื”"ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื•ื ืžื ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื”"ืž, ืœื ืงืžื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืคืชื” ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช-ืืฉ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ื”ื ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช (ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช) ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืื ื™ืชืคืจืฅ, ืœื ืžืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืš ืจื•ื— ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ืชืขืฉื” ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืื ืชื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื•ืืช ื›ื— ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื. ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืง (ืืš ืžืชืžืœื) ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช.


ื’ื ืขืžืจ ื“ื ืง ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคื ื” ืืชื ื• ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื• 'ืฉืืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช': "ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ 'ื—ื•ืžืช ืกื•ืืฅ'. ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื. ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“". ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกืคืจ.


11. ืขื•ืคืจ ืคื“ื™ [Offer Padรฉ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ] ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืงืœืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกืœ"ื ืžืจืฉืœ - 'ื”ื ืฆื ื—ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”' (ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 1966): "ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืจืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช 82 ื•-101. ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื• ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•. ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื˜ื”ืจื• ื™ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคืœื•ื’ื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืื™ ืขื“ ืœื’ื ืจืœ". ืœื ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืืงืจื. ื”ืฉื ื” ืงืจืืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉืœ - 'ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ' ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ.


12. ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืคืœื’, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื“ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœื™ื• [ื•ืœืฆืขืจื™ ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœืงืฆืฅ, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคืจืกื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื—?]: 'ืœืงืจืืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™' ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืจืœ ื“ื”-ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื•ืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื• (ื™ืคื”) ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืจ (ืดืขื ื”ืกืคืจืด, ืชืฉื›ืดื–). ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืข ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื›ืฆื‘ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ 100000 ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืชื•ืก ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 6 ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื™ืกื•ื“. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืงืœื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืžืจื—ืง. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืœืืžืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืœื ืฉืืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•: ืดืžืฉืขื” ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืจื– ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืžืจืืฉ, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืœื˜, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื ื—ืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืช ื”ืดืฉืด ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืชื“ื™ืจ. ื”ืงืฅ ืœืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ืžืคืงื“, ื”ืžื›ื•ืจืกื ื“ืื’ื•ืช, ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžื ื•ืจืช ืœื•ืงืก ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืขืžืœื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช. ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™, ื”ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืื“, ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคืฉื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืื• ื˜ืกื™ื ืžืžืขืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจื. ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืชืขืœื” ืœืžืขืœืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“.ืด ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืฆืจืคืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืงื• ืžื–ืณื™ื ื•. ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’.


13. ืื”ื“ ืœืกืœื•ื™, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืืœื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื•ืจืŸ - ื•ืจื“ืŸ: ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” (ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 1967): "ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืช. ื”ื•ืจืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื•ื•ืœืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื) , ื”ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ (ืกืžืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ืื•ืกื•ืŸ) ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืืจื™ืืœ)".



14. ื’ืœืขื“ ืื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ื•ืง ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” [ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช], ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื”: "ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื โ€œGhost Fleetโ€ ืฉืœ Peter Singer and August Cole (2015 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขืœ ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืคืชืข ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื—ืœืœ, ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืืจื”ืดื‘ ืžืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ืขืจื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ืœื ืฉืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื–ืจืชื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืœื ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืžื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›-Fictional Intelligence, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ืดืชืœื•ืฉืด ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืฉืื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื— ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ืœืœ, ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืืจื™ื ืก ื›ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื™".


15. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืืก ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆื‘ื ื•ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฆื‘ื ื•ืชื•"ืœ ื”ืืจื“-ืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื ืคืจื“. ืื•ืจืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ. ืขืœ 'ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื': "ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื' ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืงืŸ ื™ืฆื ื‘2013 (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 2014, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ), ืืš ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 2020. ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ 'ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืง' (ืžืคืขื™ืœืช ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก), ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ "ืขืœ ื‘ืืžืช". ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก ื”ื•ื, ื’ื•ืจื• ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืง ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืžืคืขื ืžืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช? ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื? ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ื— ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื ื”ืœ - ืžื” ืชืขืฉื”?. ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”. ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื‘ื•ืืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืกืก ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”. ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”, ืืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชื”ืœื™ืš" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉื˜ืŸ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™. ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื "ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™" ืืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”". ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืฉืขืฉืข ื•ืžืื“ ืžืœืžื“. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื• ืงืœื™ืœื”. ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง, ืœืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืœืš (ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข) ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื•ื, ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื.


16. ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืจื "ื’ (ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ืจืื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื' (ื›ืชืจ, 2019 [ืชืจื’ื•ื ืจื•ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจ]) ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื‘ืกื˜ ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941 โ€“ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืจืื‘ื•ืจ. ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” , ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก, ื’'ืง ืงื ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืจื•ื’ื‘ื™, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืืจื ืก ื”ืžื ื™ื’ื•ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœื”ืชืงืคื”, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™, ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืืช ืกืคืจ 'ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื–ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื' ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘-5 ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื’ื ืกืคืจื• ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื•ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.


ืชืงืจืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘-2021.


ื•ืื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืจ

Pistol shots ring out in the barroom night

Enter Patty Valentine from the upper hall

She sees the bartender in a pool of blood

Cries out, "My God, they killed them all!"




769 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช

ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ
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