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  • ื‘ืขื– ื–ืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ืžื” ื”ืคื•ืื ื˜ื”



ืึฒื ึตืงึฐื“ื•ึนื˜ึธื”, ื›ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช [=ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”], "ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืื•ืจืข, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช". ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ืงืฆืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ "ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื™ืื ื•ื‘ - "ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฆื ื™ืŸ" (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื“ืฃ ื™ื, ื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืœื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื”ื, ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื 'ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื' ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ (1980 [ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื”]).

ืืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช [ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ], ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช 'ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื™' ืฉืœื•. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช 'ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื'. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื•. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœืงื, ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืชื• [ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘] ืฉื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜. ื›ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืจื“ ืื• ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื, ืขื ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ืœื ื ืขื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืชืขืœื ืžื›ืš, ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.

ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืคื” ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืื™ื™ืจ, ืžืงืก ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1935, ื•"ื–ื›ื”" ืฉืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื”. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ืื ื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช.

[ื’ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืจ ืฉืœื•. ืื—ืช ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ืžื• ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืžืคื’ื ื™ ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื™ื"].

#ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืฉืคื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื›ืื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืจืžื™ืœ.

ืชืงืจืื• ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช.

ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื™ืจ


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