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  • ื‘ืขื– ื–ืœืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื™ื


ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื›ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืจืชืข ืžืœืงืจื•ื [ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช], ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื– ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช [ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ], ืื– ืงืจืืชื™. 'ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื™' ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ (ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1963).

ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืžืช [ื”ืชืื‘ื“] ืžื–ืžืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืœ ื–ื”.

ื‘'ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื™' ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืืš ืชืžื™ืžื•ืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.

ื‘'ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•' ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืžืกืชื‘ื›ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ (1804). ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ื•ื ืงืœืข ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช, ืืš ื–ื• ืžืชืื”ื‘ืช ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืœืฆื•, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘.


ื‘'ื”ืืกื•ืคื™' ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืคืจืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื” ืœืงืœื—ืช ืฉืกื•ืคื”? ื ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื”, ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื [ืžื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”] ื-ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.

#ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื”ืชืขื ืชื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื•. ืื– ื›ื“ืื™.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืชืงืจืื• ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.

ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื™ืจ


20 ืฆืคื™ื•ืช
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